Electronics essays

Gadgets expositions This venture expects us to structure and fabricate a circuit that creates determined capacities on the oscilloscope, as given on the task portrayal. Likewise, we were required to structure a methods for choosing various frequencies and various amplitudes. This was particularly troublesome on the grounds that the choice must be made legitimately from the breadboard. For the last piece of the lab, we were to draw the diagrams we got to show how the different capacities were produced carefully. The outcomes we got were exceptionally stable. We had the option to produce the entirety of the base necessities (a square wave and slope wave). Likewise, we had the option to produce the waves that would give us additional credit (a triangle wave and approximations to a sine wave). We additionally found an approach to effectively shift recurrence and abundancy. This investigation utilizes four operational intensifiers (opamps) to convey these waveforms in the 6 Hz to 7000 Hz run. The sine wave is a pseudo sine wave creates by a straightforward wave molding circuit. An advanced counter can be utilized alongside a DAC to produce simple voltage elements of time, for example, square wave and incline wave. In this lab, we were to structure and construct a circuit that creates a simple square wave and a saw-tooth (incline) wave of voltage, utilizing a counter and DAC/. While taking a shot at this undertaking, we thought of options that would expand proficiency. An elective we considered was to change to an alternate undertaking. This was considered when we were experiencing difficulty with the usage of the circuit. Be that as it may, we chose to stay with this undertaking. We chose this since we had just placed in much idea and work into this specific task. Likewise, we chose to utilize flip-lemon to disentangle the circuit. Square, sine and triangle waves are created utilizing a LM348 and uninvolved parts. The LM348 is a quad operational enhancer IC bundle; that is, it contains four separate opamps all in the one IC. They are denoted A, B, C and D in the... <! Hardware papers In the initial segment of the trial, we associated the normal producer and regular collecter enhancers circuits that are given in the system. At that point we adhered to the guidelines given to discover the voltage gain, the info opposition and the yield obstruction for every one. After that we determined the present increase. Furthermore, in the second piece of the analysis we planned and executed a detour basic producer speaker. This trial was done into about fourteen days. In the main lab we checked the DC and AC investigation of basic producer and regular authority speaker circuit. it focused on the theoritical part that we have concentrated in Electronics I course. The subsequent lab improved our capacity to structure and build a detour normal producer enhancer. ... <!

 Tips for writing a “9” DBQ: Essay

1. As you read the inquiry, think of at any rate three classifications. At that point attempt to fill in as much explicit real data that you can consider, and put this into the classifications. It’s critical to do this BEFORE you read the archives, with the goal that you don’t overlook them when you are breaking down the reports. 2. After you do this, and ONLY after, begin perusing the archives. When taking a gander at the archives, make certain to see who is the creator/painter/political sketch artist/student of history †commonly you will perceive that name and can give the report some setting by what you think about the individual, regardless of whether you have never observed the record. Perceive that not all archives are equivalent in noteworthiness. 3. At times the archives are proposed to trigger peruser memory †for instance, a direct record of a work fight turned rough in 1896 methods they need you to perceive that they are discussing the Haymarket Square Riot. 4. After you make sense of what the archive is stating, record it in the proper class. On the off chance that it underpins your position, put a + close to it; in the event that it is in opposition to your position, put a †close to it. Be certain that you put the letter of the record (A, B, C, and so on) when you record the point the report is making, since this will make it MUCH simpler when you are placing the entirety of this data in exposition structure. On the off chance that you go to the College Board AP US History Exam site, you can see discharged prompts and proposed report investigation. 5. Try not to be hesitant to utilize a point that repudiates your position. You are required to recognize the complexities of history. Simply show why it doesn’t rout your position. For instance, if your article is about the effect of Reconstruction, and your position is that the U.S. government didn't do a lot to support the liberated slaves, you ought not overlook the Freedmen’s Bureau. Or maybe, you should call attention to the insufficiencies of the Freedmen’s Bureau †it didn’t keep going long enough, most of neighborhood Bureau operators were hampered in their endeavors by previous Confederates, and there was no military capacity to authorize the authority of the Bureau specialists. 6. Presently, and just currently, compose your proposition. The proposition ought not surpass two sentences. Express your position plainly in the primary sentence. In your second sentence you can characterize a key term (progressivism, Robber Baron, Jacksonian Democracy †relies upon the brief) and incorporate the classes that you utilized in your graph back in sync #1. Make certain to compose your classes into your theory in a similar request where you will examine them in your paper. For instance: â€Å"From 1775 to 1830, numerous African Americans picked up opportunity from servitude, yet during a similar period the organization of subjugation extended. Clarify why BOTH of those progressions occurred. Investigate the ways that BOTH free African Americans and oppressed African Americans reacted to the difficulties facing them.† (2009 DBQ question) Your proposal could be something like the accompanying: African slaves and their American-conceived youngsters were disregarded by the Constitution (which, in its unique structure, alluded to slaves as â€Å"other persons†), however the conflicting idea of the new American character [described in this student’s acquaintance earlier with the theory, utilizing subtleties that showed the student’s information on the timespan referenced in the question] both prompted more noteworthy opportunity and progressively across the board subjugation. Slaves and freedmen the same endured under, abused, and adapted to the parts of an agrarian economy, private enterprise, and Christianity in America. This theory (this was from an example answer that got a score of 8 out of 9) makes composing the exposition simple. Each passage ought to have a theme sentence that expresses the classification (perceive how this example has three classifications) you are discussing and your situation on this classification. At that point remember for the passage the focuses that you recorded in your diagram, and make it stream together, utilizing both the archives and outside data. The last sentence in each section is the clincher sentence that polishes off your considerations on that one class and gives a progress into the following one. At the point when you are done, reword your theory for the end.

Winslow Homers Breezing Up (A Fair Wind) essays

Winslow Homers Breezing Up (A Fair Wind) papers Winslow Homers Breezing Up (A Fair Wind) Winslow Homers Breezing Up, situated on the West Main Floor in Gallery 68 of the National Gallery of Arts, consummately catches the magnificence and quality of nature and blamelessness. The artistic creation, which was finished following three years of work in 1876, is shown among crafted by other oil painters including extra works by American and naturalist painter Winslow Homer. In this artwork, Winslow Homer portrays a man with three young men in a little wooden sail vessel that is riding along the rough waters. At the focal point of this work of art is the harsh or back of the pontoon. The most seasoned of the young men is perched on the furthest finish of the harsh with his knees up and his uncovered feet fixed immovably on the deck. In spite of the fact that the subject is straightforwardly before the watcher, Homer uses a marginally slanting direct point of view that goes from the back of the vessel to one side and inaccessible skyline. It is this kid, not the man, who is guiding the vessel easily with one hand on the line. His face is dismissed marginally from the watcher, yet Homer includes so much detail utilizing line and shading to complement the young men jawline, left cheek and eye. All through the work of art, Homers utilization of lines is just indicated by the point by point forms of the figures and vessels themselves. These nitty gritty highlights stand apart extraordinarily against the thick layers of puffy mists, painted with thick and free brush strokes, which wait over the water. The utilization of expressive lines is likewise indicated in Homers capacity to reproduce bends similarly as they would show up in nature, for example, the shape and type of the moving waves in the ocean and the mists drifting overhead in the sky. Winslow Homer likewise utilizes the procedure of view, wherein lines are made from the two young men on the left and their dad looking to the sail while the kid controlling the vessel is looking towards the shoreline, their goal. Suggested lines may likewise be application... <!

Using Perl Chr() and Ord() Functions

Utilizing Perl Chr() and Ord() Functions The Perl programming languagesâ chr() and ord() capacities are utilized to change over characters into their ASCII or Unicode qualities and the other way around. Chr() takes an ASCII or Unicode worth and returns the proportionate character, and ord() plays out the converse activity by changing over a character to its numericâ value.â Perl Chr() Function The chr() work restores the character spoke to by the number indicated. For instance: #!/usr/container/perl print chr (33) print/n; print chr (36) print/n; print chr (46) print/n; At the point when this code is executed, it delivers this outcome: ! $ Note: The characters from 128 to 255â are as a matter of course not encoded as UTF-8 for in reverse similarity reasons. Perls Ord() Function The ord() work does the inverse. It takes a character and changes over it into its ASCII or Unicode numeric worth. #!/usr/canister/perl print ord (A); print/n; print ordâ (a); print/n; print ord (B); print/n; At the point when executed, this profits: 65 97 66 You can affirm the outcomes are accurateâ by checking an ASCII Code Lookup Table on the web. About Perl Perl was made in the mid-80s, so it was a developed programming language well before sites detonated in ubiquity. Perlâ was initially intended for content handling, and it is good with HTML and other markup dialects, so it immediately got famous with site engineers. Perls quality lies in its capacity to cooperate with its condition and its cross-stage similarity. It can without much of a stretch open and control numerous documents inside a similar program.

Handling Technical Terms in Business Writing

Handling Technical Terms in Business Writing As we all know, tech is everywhere you look today â€" from i-pods to cell phones and Bluetooth, to digital video games, to complex computer systems, and even digital special effects at the movies. Technical writing is everywhere too, often embedded in the most casual e-mails and memos and the presentations that many of us have to create at work. Unfortunately, many of us are not as technically savvy in technical writing as wed like to be. Good business writers without much technical writing training are more common today than writers with a lot of technical writing experience. We know how to write a clear business memo or a transition letter or a simple email. Most of us can create a simple PowerPoint presentation, but when it comes to handling really complex technical text, we get nervous. Yet more and more, especially with globalization, we find ourselves having to be technical writers in our professional communication, and we dont feel as comfortable creating this kind of material as wed like.If you dont have a technical degree or practical experience writing documentation and manuals for tech gadgets and suddenly you have to explain something technical to a colleague or to your supervisor in writing, what do you do? Whats the best way to handle the technical writing that you may have to include in your documents? What pitfalls do you need to watch out for to avoid disaster and maybe even unpleasant embarrassment?There are three major concepts to remember when youre dealing with technical copy. The first is your audience or your readers, the second is terminology, especially secondary terminology, and the third is visuals. Learn how to handle these three aspects effectively, and youll avoid at least some the pitfalls that can await you. Youll be in a better position to handle a complex project or help a colleague when your team has a technical document to complete.Always think of your audience first. Who is going to read your technical text? Will it be an en gineer with a lot of background in the topic or your CEO who hasnt got a clue about technical terminology and only wants to know the big picture and the bottom line?Once you know your primary readership, focus your material appropriately and include the detail that is necessary for a clear comprehension of any technical ideas or processes.. Write more in narrative style and explain, explain, explain, and then maybe just explain again. If your audience is a technical department, keep in mind that different departments regularly use their own technical phrases or acronyms for their own areas of expertise, and edit accordingly. Include more explanations and definitions and maybe a glossary, and avoid shorthand phrasing and references. On the other hand, if the document will only be circulated in your own department or division internally, you can be more concise and include some abbreviated phrasing that will most likely be recognized by everyone because theyre familiar with the langua ge on a daily basis.Next, think terminology. Right along with the above advice about the audience is practical advice regarding the use of terminology. Most people who write technical documents know they have to explain the terms that reference any technical concepts and do so, although sometimes not as clearly as some readers might expect. However, the real problem occurs with secondary terminology pops its head up in a document. Secondary terminology is often ignored because few understand it, namely that the words or terms that you use to define primary terms you mention in a document are just as important, maybe even more important, than the original language.Why is that? The answer is simple. If you are trying to learn a process or understand a complex technical concept, and come across a term that is key to that understanding, you dont want that term defined with another term that you have never heard of or is not defined anywhere. You want the secondary term also defined clea rly, so you can understand the first term and then be able to do the task or learn the process. Forgetting to define secondary terminology is a common mistake in technical writing. The writer simply often assumes that you will understand the complex term that youre using to explain another complex term, but of course, you dont. Youre immediately lost and cant follow the context.So whats the solution to this confusion? Always check your document for terms you use to define other terms. Then make sure that the secondary terms are clearly explained or footnoted in language that a non-technical audience will understand. If you are preparing a document for an expert audience, always be aware that there may be readers that are NOT experts and make appropriate allowances either through easy-to-understand footnotes or a glossary of important secondary terms that are defined separately from the main document, but easily available to any reader who is not as well versed in the technology. In that way, a CFO, or a CEO, or an administrative staff member can review the same document without feeling out of touch with an important project or task.Always review a technical document to make sure youre not defining an important term with another term that is vague or undefined. Also watch out for circular discussion that uses undefined terminology to explain concepts or processes, and avoid defining ANY term using only the original term. The goal of technical writing is clarity and more clarity. A technical term should always be precisely presented even when you think that clarity is not needed. Check again and then again to make sure. Doing so will save a lot of confusion, money, and sometimes even injury.Finally, we come to an intriguing and useful aspect of technical writing â€" use of visuals. Visuals are wonderful adjuncts to text in technical writing because visuals can explain with a picture what it might take a writer 500 words to explain in text. However, it is also im portant to remember that visuals should never stand in isolation within a document. You must integrate each visual clearly and precisely into what you are discussing in the text. You must introduce a visual clearly, indicate its purpose precisely, present it with a caption that relates it to its purpose and the text, and then integrate the concept presented via the visual in the following text. Otherwise, a visual can be stuck in no mans land and have no significance. It will be ignored. The valuable information contained in the visual may be passed over, and the text that follows may not be clear either. A visual is a vital part of a technical piece of writing, not just an addendum that can be slapped on as an afterthought. Always review your document to see how your visuals interface with your text and review the placement of all visuals to make sure they add to the meaning of your document and not simply detract from it.If you remember these three aspects of technical writing and use them as useful techniques for the technical writing you need to do on the job, your communication will be more precise and clearly communicated to technical and non-technical readers alike. A bonus will be that you will be seen as a good communicator by all your colleagues, and that reward will be a solid boost for your career.

Micropatterned Paper Monitoring Essay - 1650 Words

Micropatterned Paper Monitoring Hepatotoxicity Less Developed Countries (Research Paper Sample) Content: MICROPATTERNED PAPER MONITORING HEPATOTOXICITY LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIESName:Student ID:Course Name: EATC001/ SATC001University:Table of ContentsSection Topic Page Number 1 Introduction 3 2.03.0 PreviewDesign requirement of micropatterned paperdevice 44 4.05.0 Structure of the deviceResearching the analytes 6 6.0 Data testing the micro-patterned paper device 8 7.08.0 ConclusionReference 1012 1. IntroductionLess industrialized countries are characterized by a lack of funds which contribute to the unavailability of equipment and poor setting for excellent monitoring of hepatotoxicity (Ballerini and Shen 2012, p. 770). Tests available in most industrialized for hepatotoxicity testing are beyond reach by developing nation (Pollock et al. 2012, p. 154). In response to poor resource setting, developing nation only rely on symptom diagnosis as the only method for hepatotoxicity monitoring. Symptoms usually appear after a considerable damage had been done. Thus, development of low-cost, simple-to-use (POC) method for diagnosing and monitoring for hepatotoxicity in poor resource country is crucial (Pollock et al. 2012, p. 153). According to Vella et al. (2012, p. 2885), reduction in price of drugs for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), tuberculosis (TB) and malaria drugs have increased cases of hepatotoxicity in less developed country. Although this has helped, lack of a suitable method for detection of liver induced-toxicity has led to noticeable deaths due to drug toxicity. Monitoring of patients does not only help in the curing of appropriate hepatotoxicity, but it also prevents treating of patient without the disease as well as over treating which could lead to developing drug-resistant organisms (Chang Schiano, 2007, p. 1137).As a move to address the issue of monitoring, Whiteside laboratory has developed a low cost paper based, a device using thread and magnetic levitation (method in which subjects are suspended with magnetic field only) which are configured to detect protein and glucose in the blood. Two different groups were also reported to have developed a paper-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (P-ELISA), which uses colorimetric output to detect antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) in blood.2.0 PreviewThis report explains of the basic features of micropatterned which make it able to monitor hepatotoxicity. It begins by brief introduction of meaning hepatotoxicity, condition associated with it, what is required to for the analyses in order to detect cases of hepatotoxicity. Hepatitis and how device detect it is discussed. Three assays are used during monitoring, which include AST, ALP and total protein. Results are analyzed through calorimetrically. In case of hepatitis the device registers color change in AST and ALP testing zones from colorless to pink and purple respectively. In the protein assay, presence of hepatitis is seen by lack of change or minimal changes. This is fol lowed component of the device and how their functions. The parts are plastic sheaths, filter, and hydrophilic. Sheaths help to prevent contamination to workers, the filter separate red blood from plasma, and hydrophilic paper prevent cross-reaction. Finally, data testing of device is done. How the device measure hepatotoxicity.3.0. Design requirement of micropatterned paper deviceDurante-Mangoni et al. (2006, p. 1352) said that hepatotoxicity is a general name for liver damage. The conditions that fall within hepatotoxicity includes: hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) hepatic necrosis (death of liver cell) hepatic steatosis (too much fat in the liver) It results of various factors, including infection from disease micro-organism especially those that cause diseases such as hepatitis, HIV malaria and cancer, abuse of alcohol, overreaction or reaction toward medication (Ballerini Shen 2012, p. 771). Drug induced hepatotoxicity occurs to 2- 28% of most patients taking medication su ch as isoniazid, and pyrazinamide which are used for tuberculosis and also occurs to 8-28% of HIV patient taking Nevirapine as their first line treatment and risk increases with patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s co-infections. Thus, people under diabetic and heart therapy needs close monitoring of the liver (Pollock et al. 2012, p. 156).Hepatitis is a disease condition defined by liver inflammation. The disease occurs with no symptoms, but leads to jaundice anoxia and malaise. The disease causes the release of AST and ALP in the blood stream. On the other hand, the disease reduces the amount of protein in the blood stream. To check both acute and chronic hepatitis, for the acute hepatitis, the damaged liver releases AST and ALP into the blood stream hence elevating their concentration to more than 10 times. On the other hand, in chronic hepatitis, it elevates 4 times. To detect this, the device registers color change in AST and ALP testing zones from colorless to pink and purple respectively. Usi ng the chart interpretation basing on the color intensity, high intensity indicates acute hepatitis while low intensity indicates chronic hepatitis. Using total protein assay, reduced or low intensity in green color shows the presence of dysfunction (Pollock et al. 2012, p. 8).Blood is most commonly used as a test medium, it contain markers of the liver that are absent in urine. Striking piercing or lancing the finger is the most common method used in the developing countries since it does not require trained personnel. Furthermore, an adult average finger produces between 10 and 20ÂL volume of blood (Vella et al 2012, p. 2886). The figure below shows how the blood from the fingerstick is taken.4.0. Structure of the deviceMicropatterned paper device a portable system designed to detect multiples of analytes (AST, ALP and protein) in the drop of blood from a fingerstick. The device comprises a paper chip patterned into hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, self-adhesive laminating sheets. The figure below illustrates the components of the device which includes plastic sheaths, filter and hydrophilic paper.Figure 2: Components of the device. Source: modified Vella et al.As seen In figure (2), Its microsystem consist of (i) plastic sheaths, (ii) a filter to remove red blood cells (iii) a patterned paper with a wax ink functioning as hydrophobic barrier hence creating three hydrophilic zone for running three calorimetric assays. Two sheaths around the device protect excess blood from limiting water evaporation from the plasma. The sheaths also help in preventing reagents from contaminating, and workers from touching patient blood. Red blood cells applied to the device are adsorbed to the filter while the plasma proceeds to detection area. Patterning ensures no cross-reaction or mixing of coloring agent in hydrophilic zones. Calorimetric assay is used since they offer benefit of quickness in completion requiring less than 30 minutes, easy to interpretation, usi ng a chart or digital scanning, and analyzing using software of if intergraded with telemedicine can be done off-site (Vella et al 2012, p. 2884).The paper based devices will not only help the poor resource country to monitor hepatotoxicity. However, it will also help to prevent unnecessary treatment of the problem (Martinez, Phillips, Butte Whitesides 2007, p. 1319).5.0 Researching the analytesHepatotoxicity panel consist of several different assays which include aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total serum protein, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bilirubin, albumin, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Liver damage (such as hepatitis elevate both AST and ALP. On the other hand, it reduces the concentration of total serum protein and albumin. Many researches undertaken to indicate the state of liver often use concentration of the two enzymes and total protein to base their judgment (Pollock et al. 2012, p. 158)6.0. Data testing of micropatterned deviceCommon assays used in data analy sis are (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline p... Micropatterned Paper Monitoring Essay - 1650 Words Micropatterned Paper Monitoring Hepatotoxicity Less Developed Countries (Research Paper Sample) Content: MICROPATTERNED PAPER MONITORING HEPATOTOXICITY LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIESName:Student ID:Course Name: EATC001/ SATC001University:Table of ContentsSection Topic Page Number 1 Introduction 3 2.03.0 PreviewDesign requirement of micropatterned paperdevice 44 4.05.0 Structure of the deviceResearching the analytes 6 6.0 Data testing the micro-patterned paper device 8 7.08.0 ConclusionReference 1012 1. IntroductionLess industrialized countries are characterized by a lack of funds which contribute to the unavailability of equipment and poor setting for excellent monitoring of hepatotoxicity (Ballerini and Shen 2012, p. 770). Tests available in most industrialized for hepatotoxicity testing are beyond reach by developing nation (Pollock et al. 2012, p. 154). In response to poor resource setting, developing nation only rely on symptom diagnosis as the only method for hepatotoxicity monitoring. Symptoms usually appear after a considerable damage had been done. Thus, development of low-cost, simple-to-use (POC) method for diagnosing and monitoring for hepatotoxicity in poor resource country is crucial (Pollock et al. 2012, p. 153). According to Vella et al. (2012, p. 2885), reduction in price of drugs for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), tuberculosis (TB) and malaria drugs have increased cases of hepatotoxicity in less developed country. Although this has helped, lack of a suitable method for detection of liver induced-toxicity has led to noticeable deaths due to drug toxicity. Monitoring of patients does not only help in the curing of appropriate hepatotoxicity, but it also prevents treating of patient without the disease as well as over treating which could lead to developing drug-resistant organisms (Chang Schiano, 2007, p. 1137).As a move to address the issue of monitoring, Whiteside laboratory has developed a low cost paper based, a device using thread and magnetic levitation (method in which subjects are suspended with magnetic field only) which are configured to detect protein and glucose in the blood. Two different groups were also reported to have developed a paper-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (P-ELISA), which uses colorimetric output to detect antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) in blood.2.0 PreviewThis report explains of the basic features of micropatterned which make it able to monitor hepatotoxicity. It begins by brief introduction of meaning hepatotoxicity, condition associated with it, what is required to for the analyses in order to detect cases of hepatotoxicity. Hepatitis and how device detect it is discussed. Three assays are used during monitoring, which include AST, ALP and total protein. Results are analyzed through calorimetrically. In case of hepatitis the device registers color change in AST and ALP testing zones from colorless to pink and purple respectively. In the protein assay, presence of hepatitis is seen by lack of change or minimal changes. This is fol lowed component of the device and how their functions. The parts are plastic sheaths, filter, and hydrophilic. Sheaths help to prevent contamination to workers, the filter separate red blood from plasma, and hydrophilic paper prevent cross-reaction. Finally, data testing of device is done. How the device measure hepatotoxicity.3.0. Design requirement of micropatterned paper deviceDurante-Mangoni et al. (2006, p. 1352) said that hepatotoxicity is a general name for liver damage. The conditions that fall within hepatotoxicity includes: hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) hepatic necrosis (death of liver cell) hepatic steatosis (too much fat in the liver) It results of various factors, including infection from disease micro-organism especially those that cause diseases such as hepatitis, HIV malaria and cancer, abuse of alcohol, overreaction or reaction toward medication (Ballerini Shen 2012, p. 771). Drug induced hepatotoxicity occurs to 2- 28% of most patients taking medication su ch as isoniazid, and pyrazinamide which are used for tuberculosis and also occurs to 8-28% of HIV patient taking Nevirapine as their first line treatment and risk increases with patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s co-infections. Thus, people under diabetic and heart therapy needs close monitoring of the liver (Pollock et al. 2012, p. 156).Hepatitis is a disease condition defined by liver inflammation. The disease occurs with no symptoms, but leads to jaundice anoxia and malaise. The disease causes the release of AST and ALP in the blood stream. On the other hand, the disease reduces the amount of protein in the blood stream. To check both acute and chronic hepatitis, for the acute hepatitis, the damaged liver releases AST and ALP into the blood stream hence elevating their concentration to more than 10 times. On the other hand, in chronic hepatitis, it elevates 4 times. To detect this, the device registers color change in AST and ALP testing zones from colorless to pink and purple respectively. Usi ng the chart interpretation basing on the color intensity, high intensity indicates acute hepatitis while low intensity indicates chronic hepatitis. Using total protein assay, reduced or low intensity in green color shows the presence of dysfunction (Pollock et al. 2012, p. 8).Blood is most commonly used as a test medium, it contain markers of the liver that are absent in urine. Striking piercing or lancing the finger is the most common method used in the developing countries since it does not require trained personnel. Furthermore, an adult average finger produces between 10 and 20ÂL volume of blood (Vella et al 2012, p. 2886). The figure below shows how the blood from the fingerstick is taken.4.0. Structure of the deviceMicropatterned paper device a portable system designed to detect multiples of analytes (AST, ALP and protein) in the drop of blood from a fingerstick. The device comprises a paper chip patterned into hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, self-adhesive laminating sheets. The figure below illustrates the components of the device which includes plastic sheaths, filter and hydrophilic paper.Figure 2: Components of the device. Source: modified Vella et al.As seen In figure (2), Its microsystem consist of (i) plastic sheaths, (ii) a filter to remove red blood cells (iii) a patterned paper with a wax ink functioning as hydrophobic barrier hence creating three hydrophilic zone for running three calorimetric assays. Two sheaths around the device protect excess blood from limiting water evaporation from the plasma. The sheaths also help in preventing reagents from contaminating, and workers from touching patient blood. Red blood cells applied to the device are adsorbed to the filter while the plasma proceeds to detection area. Patterning ensures no cross-reaction or mixing of coloring agent in hydrophilic zones. Calorimetric assay is used since they offer benefit of quickness in completion requiring less than 30 minutes, easy to interpretation, usi ng a chart or digital scanning, and analyzing using software of if intergraded with telemedicine can be done off-site (Vella et al 2012, p. 2884).The paper based devices will not only help the poor resource country to monitor hepatotoxicity. However, it will also help to prevent unnecessary treatment of the problem (Martinez, Phillips, Butte Whitesides 2007, p. 1319).5.0 Researching the analytesHepatotoxicity panel consist of several different assays which include aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total serum protein, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bilirubin, albumin, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Liver damage (such as hepatitis elevate both AST and ALP. On the other hand, it reduces the concentration of total serum protein and albumin. Many researches undertaken to indicate the state of liver often use concentration of the two enzymes and total protein to base their judgment (Pollock et al. 2012, p. 158)6.0. Data testing of micropatterned deviceCommon assays used in data analy sis are (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline p...

Spanish 1 High School Course Notes - 3074 Words

This is just so I can read an essay Spanish (espaà ±ol), also called Castilian[3] (castellano About this sound listen (help ·info)), is a Romance language that originated in Castile, a region of Spain. Approximately 406 million people speak Spanish as a native language, making it second only to Mandarin in terms of its number of native speakers worldwide.[1][2] It also has 60 million speakers as a second language,[2] and 20 million students as a foreign language.[4] Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations, and is used as an official language by the European Union and Mercosur. Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of common Latin in Iberia after the†¦show more content†¦The first documents to record what is today regarded as the precursor of modern Spanish are from the 9th century (see Glosas Emilianenses). Throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era, by far the most important influence on Spanish (Castilian) lexicon came from neighboring Romance languages—Navarro-Aragonese, Leonese, Aragonese, Catalan, Portuguese, Galician, Mirandese, Occitan, Gascon, and later, French and Italian—but also from Basque, Arabic, and to a lesser extent the Germanic languages. Many words were borrowed from Latin through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Church. Local sociolects of Vulgar Latin evolved into Spanish in the north of Iberia, in an area defined by à lava, Cantabria, Burgos, Soria and La Rioja. The dialect was later brought to the city of Toledo, where the written standard of Spanish was first developed, in the 13th century.[17] In this formative stage, Spanish (Castilian) developed a strongly differing variant from its close cousin, Leonese, and, according to some authors, was distinguished by a heavy Basque influence (see Iberian Romance languages). This distinctive dialect progressively spread south with the advance of the Reconquista, and so gathered a sizable lexical influence from the Arabic of Al-Andalus, much of it indirectly, through the Romance Mozarabic dialects.[18] The written standard for this new language began to be developed in the cities of Toledo, in the 13th to 16th centuries, andShow MoreRelatedGraduation Speech : Graduate College1553 Words   |  7 PagesMexican family it was hard to attend school and tra nsition from knowing my native Spanish tongue to English. I spent most of my time in an English school environment until I got to high school. In high school, I realized how important it was to embrace my native tongue. Not everyone does that, especially during high school, thus influencing my decision to go to college and major in Spanish. My plan is to graduate college, receive a teaching credential to teach high school students not only how to learnRead MoreProfessional Communications Unit 1 Assessment1240 Words   |  5 PagesCommunications Unit 1 Assessment 1. What has your academic history? In which classes have you been successful? In which classes have you struggled? Have your academics changed over the years? My academic history has been dubious over the years I have been in school. I say iffy because my grades have been all over the place if you will. One quarter I ll A s and B s. The next quarter I may have A s, B s, and C s. In elementary I had mostly A s. If not then A s and B s. 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Hitler s Foreign Policy During The World War II - 2305 Words

The official start of the Second World War is most commonly linked with the German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939. Nevertheless, there are still ongoing disagreements as to whether Adolf Hitler, the leader of Germany at the time, aspired to spark an extensive world war through his actions in Eastern Europe. In the years leading up to September 1939, Hitler’s foreign policy had become increasingly dependent on the idea of expansionism. Constructed through Hitler’s foreign policy at the time, there are many historians that view the occupation of Poland as nothing more than an extension of the two previous successful Nazi annexations of Austria and Czechoslovakia, with Hitler expecting a coy reaction from the other European countries. Richard Overy and A. J. P. Taylor are among the historians that believe that the outbreak of war ensuing the Polish invasion, was a direct result of the underestimations generated by the German government, who were heavily distracted by continuous issues occurring inside of the Reich. In contrast, some historians including Adam Tooze and Klaus Hildebrand, view the invasion of Poland as much more than just a trial of expansion. These historians believe that the invasion was a conscious attempt to draw Europe into a conflict that would catapult Germany to the top of the European powers by increasing their influence and status throughout the world. These historians acknowledge that Germany had prominent racial motivations at the time thatShow MoreRelatedHistory Essay Spanish Civil War957 Words   |  4 PagesWhat were the key effects of the Spanish Civil War? Spanish Civil War was war which lasted from 1936 to 1939. 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Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay - 846 Words

Shelley’s Frankenstein does an excellent job at demonstrating the ideas and accomplishments of the enlightenment period. Shelly expresses these ideas and thoughts through the character of Victor Frankenstein who is an aspiring scientist seeking an intellectual challenge. Victor Frankenstein live s his hometown of Geneva and leaves in quest of a valued education in Ingolstadt. When Victor arrives at college he is lonely and finds himself in a new world in which he lives by himself. He than meets Mr. M. Waldman who is a chemistry professor. We can tell the Frankenstein is a representation of the Enlightenment and scientific period because he just like the earlier theorist Who is a Each character represents an important part of history such†¦show more content†¦He was such and outcast to the people around him because of his appearance, though at first the monster had sincere feelings for others, they began to diminish because of the rejection of people to accept him beca use he was alien to them. When Frankenstein realizes how hideous a creature he has mad he instantly creates a negative connotation of the monster. We know this because when the creature is brought to life Frankenstein says quot;For this I had deprived myself of rest and health. I had desired it with an ardour that far exceeded moderation; but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart (Chapter 5, pg. 42).† Immediately after the event he runs out of the laboratory petrified at what he had done. From the passage quoted above and from his actions in the labatory this further implies that Frankenstein was very unhappy with the result of his invention, resulting in negative actions toward him. Later in the book we learn to understand that the creature becomes violent. This is resulting from any encounters that the monster has had with people. When he soon learns the rejection of him by people, he becomes violent and sets out to kill Victor his creature. As the monster stumbles upon a young boy in a forest he plans to kidnap him, so that he would have someone to love. 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Relevance of Gandhi in Modern Era - 1625 Words

Relevance of Gandhi in Modern Times | | by Rajen Barua | | | Looking at the present state of affairs in India, the birthplace of Gandhi, one would probably surmise that Gandhism, whatever the term may mean, cannot have any relevance in modern times. Gandhi is called the Father of the Nation who, single handedly stood up against the mighty British Empire, without any arms, and brought her independence. However, today, just after 60 years of his assassination, Gandhi is remembered in India mostly on his birthday which is celebrated as a national holiday rather as a ritual.India is not following any of Gandhis teachings which are mostly confined to text books. As a military super power in Asia, India is definitely not following the†¦show more content†¦Gandhis extra ordinary communion with the masses of ordinary people was another of his secrets. In contrast to many of our present day leaders of this highly democratic world, Gandhi was a true leader and friend of the people.Di saku Ikeda, the Japanese Buddhist leader who takes great inspiration from Gandhi has this to say about him. His activism is not mere action but contains many aspects of a spiritual practice that is inspired by the inner urging of the conscience. The phenomenal success Gandhi registered in far away South Africa fighting for human rights and civil liberties has great significance when we find that later his teachings were adopted not only by Nelson Mandela, the South African freedom fighter, but it was also subsequently revealed that the former South African president De Klerk was greatly influenced by Gandhis principles.From Dalai Lama to Desmond Tutu and from Martin Luther King to Nelson Mandela, all were inspired by Mahatma Gandhi, all in their own different ways.Dr. Martin Luther King was very much inspired by Gandhi. Like Gandhi, King liked Thoreaus idea - that men should not obey evil or unjust laws; and he found that Gandhi had won freedom for his country from British rule acting on that principle. Like Thoreau, Gandhi believed that men should gladly go to jail when they break such laws. He told the people of India to resist the British by peaceful means only. They would march, they would sitShow MoreRelatedGandhi Saty agraha1402 Words   |  6 Pagesfigures in the history of India, Mohandas K. Gandhi, also known as the Mahatma, or The Great Soul, was the spiritual and practical founder of active non-violent resistance, a concept called Satyagraha. Also known as  ¡Ã‚ °soul-force ¡Ã‚ ± or  ¡Ã‚ °truth-force ¡Ã‚ ±, Gandhi developed this revolutionary technique as a method of gaining political and social reforms against the injustices experienced by Indians under British Colonial rule. 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Mohandas Gandhi once said, â€Å"It seems to me clear as daylight that abortion would be a crime. Tying together the messages of Vishnu Purana and the sutra of ahimsa, Gandhi’s statement authoritatively reflects that abortion is against Hindu law. Essentially, abortionRead MoreLeadership As A Concept And Its Practices1491 Words   |  6 Pagesleadership has not necessarily changed in the post- bureaucratic era, but rather, such practices has developed, and both traditional and cotemporary theories are carried out based on leadership competency. However, according to Browning (2007), Cameron (2011) and Dutton (2002), the effectiveness and to an extent, the relevance of leadership is questioned in the face of external elements. 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Celiac Disease Paper Free Essays

Celiac Disease Unit 4: Assign 2- Disorders Affecting the Immune System April 9, 2013 Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder. It affects the small intestine in the person’s body. It can affect people who have been linked genetically or pre-disposed from infancy to adulthood (www. We will write a custom essay sample on Celiac Disease Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now mayoclinic. com). This disease can be asymptomatic. Which means that the person can be a carrier of this disease and pass it on to their children. The carrier would not have any symptoms of this disease or even know they are a carrier. Celiac disease can affect 1 in 105 people in the United States (www. webmd. com). Celiac disease is caused by a reaction to gliadin, or a gluten protein. The gluten protein is found in wheat, barley, rye, and oats. When the person affected with this disease is exposed or ingests the gluten protein, their immune system has an inflammatory reaction in the small bowel. The inflammatory reaction can be an acute or chronic response within the bowel tissue. The inflammation in the small bowel blocks the person’s ability to absorb vital nutrients from their food (www. ebmd. com). Signs and symptoms of Celiac disease can range from mild to severe. Diarrhea is the most common symptom of this disease. Abdominal pain, bloating, cramping, and distention of the abdominal wall from gas are also other signs/symptoms of Celiac disease. The blocking or malabsorptio of nutrients such as Calcium and Vitamin D can lead to weight loss, fatigue, and anemia. The person can then get mouth ulcerations as well, and become lactose intolerant. As the disease continues to progress it can cause more damage and it puts the person at risk for small intestine cancer (adenocarcinoma) or Lymphoma. If left untreated Celiac disease can also lead to more complications within the affected person. Some of the complications they would experience are, ulcerations and strictures in the bowel (www. webmd. com). The only affective treatment for Celiac disease is a lifelong goal of diet change. Once diagnosis has been confirmed gluten must be completely removed from the person’s diet. Certain diets that are gluten free will need to be followed to prevent inflammation. Depending on the extent of the damage done, or the stage of progression there may need to be more strict changes to follow. There are websites and support groups to help people become educated with the steps necessary to prevent further flare ups from this condition. The first step to becoming aware of this disease is to be seen by your physician if you are having any of the above signs and symptoms (www. csaceliacs. com). www. mayoclinic. com,2013. www. webmd. com,2013. How to cite Celiac Disease Paper, Papers

The essay on 1984 by George Orwell Example For Students

The essay on 1984 by George Orwell In this essay on 1984 by George Orwell I am going to give an analysis of the pages 72 until page 77. In this extract Winston, the main character of the book, visits Mr. Charringtons shop. This is not an usual shop, because in this shop there are things for sale that you wouldnt find anywhere else. Here there are things for sale that come from the past, thus forbidden things by the Party and Big Brother. The objects in the shop make Winston experience a sense of the past. Winston looks through the collection of stuff stored in the shop. The first remarkable thing Winston comes across, is a piece of glass with an unfamiliar object in it. It turns out to be a piece of coral that is embedded in a lump of glass. Winston is fascinated by it and decides to buy it. The things that appealed to him about the coral more that its beauty, was the air it seemed to posses of belonging to an age quite different from the present one and it was doubly attractive because of it apparent uselessness, though Winston was guessing that it once must have been intended as a paperweight. Then the shopkeeper takes Winston upstairs, to another room. There the room awakens in Winston a sort of nostalgia, a kind of ancestral memory. This is due to the fact that the room is arranged in a very cozy way: there was a strip of carpet on the floor, a picture or two on the walls, and a deep, slatternly armchair drawn up to the fireplace. An old-fashioned glass clock with a twelve-hour face was ticking away on the mantelpiece. Under the window, and occupying nearly a quarter of the room, was a enormous mahogany bed with the mattress still on it. Everything gave the impression that the room was meant to be lived in. And to Winston it seemed that he knew exactly how it must feel like to sit in a room like this. He imagined that it would be very nice to sit in the armchair beside the open fire with his feet in the fender and a kettle on the hob. He would be very at easy and utterly alone, and also utterly secure because nobody would be watching him, no voice would be pursuing him. In fact, because of the absence of the television screen in the room there would be no sound at all except the singing of the kettle and the friendly ticking of the clock. While examining the room further Winston also spots a picture in a rosewood frame of a vaguely familiar building. The recalls it being bombed somewhere in the past. Mr. Charrington tells him that it used to be a church at one time. St. Clements Dane its name was. Then the shop owner starts to sing a little rhyme from his childhood about churches. After a few lines he stops because his memory fails him. He desperately tries to remember it and keeps trying to finish the song. Lingering, Winston talked to Mr. Charrington some more, not wanting to leave just yet. All that time the half-remembered rhyme kept running through Winstons head and he even got the illusion of actually hearing the bells of the churches. The bells from a London that belonged to the forgotten past. Again a sense of nostalgia came over Winston. The curious thing was that as far as Winston could remember he had never in real life heard church bells ringing.

Palace Bar Essay Example

Palace Bar Essay After being with Gerald for about half a year, Daisy went to the seaside for several months, to try and make it last longer (Inspector, quoting from her diary). When her money ran out though, she had no choice but to return to the Palace Bar again, for there was no other way for her to gain money. One night she met Eric, a seemingly friendly young man who ended up getting very drunk and forcing her to sleep with him. Eric admits: she told me she didnt want me to go in but that well, I was in that state when a chap easily turns nasty and I threatened to make a row. Daisy was helpless, she was faced by a drunk, violent young man, and she was powerless to stop him. The only way that she could save herself was to go along with him, and let him take advantage of her vulnerable position. Then when she saw him again, he was in a normal state, and he was just like any other customer, she had to sleep with people to gain money, and to survive. With little or no contraception in these times, she became pregnant. When she told him, Eric insisted on giving her enough money to keep her going, again, the money is pressed upon Daisy, she doesnt take it, or ask for it, she is persuaded to take it. We will write a custom essay sample on Palace Bar specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Palace Bar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Palace Bar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Then when she discovered that Eric was giving her stolen money she wouldnt take any more, and she didnt want to see me [Eric] again. This shows incredible honesty and caring for Eric, that even pregnant, with no money, she wouldnt take stolen money because she knew it was wrong, and also because she didnt want to get Eric into trouble. Then again, you could say that she only turned the money down because she didnt want to get herself into trouble, she didnt do it because of Eric at all. Also Eva shouldnt have gone to the Palace Bar in the first place, it was her fault that she got pregnant because she put herself at risk of men like Eric. It was her own fault that she let Eric take advantage of her, she shouldnt have let him take her home in the first place, she should have realised he was drunk and stayed in the Bar when he left. Also why didnt she try for a job instead of resorting to the Palace Bar. Eric says: she didnt feel like trying again for another job, but that is lazy of her, and she should have at least looked for one. The last straw for Daisy was being turned down by charity. With no money or job and a baby on the way she made a last attempt by applying to the Bromley Womans Committee for money. She said that she was called Mrs Birling, which is nearly true, because she was pregnant with Erics baby, but very unfortunately for her, Mrs Birling was interviewing her, and as Mrs Birling thought that Daisy was trying to be rude, she was immediately prejudiced against her case. From then on, Daisy had no chance, and when she said truthfully that she didnt want to take stolen money from Eric (she never revealed Erics true identity though) Mrs Birling assumed that a girl in Daisys position would not have such scruples as that, and thought that Daisy was lying. Mrs Birling never took Daisy seriously, she just saw her as a lying prostitute who didnt deserve the charitys money because it was meant to be given only to needy cases, when she should have realised that Daisy was as needy a cause as any. When Mrs Birling refused to give Daisy any money, it was too much for her, and she committed suicide. However, you could think that it was all Daisys fault that she was pregnant in the first place, because she was the one who went to the Palace Bar, she brought it all upon herself; therefore she deserved to be turned down by charity, there were more needy cases apart from Daisy. Also it was dishonest of her to make up a story in the first place. She pretended that her husband had left her, which was an outright lie, because she had never had a husband, only a man who she slept with several times, and also she was the one who told Eric to stop giving her money, she stood back from Erics advances, and she said that it was a bad idea that they were ma rried. She had been turned out and turned down too many times, this was the end. (Inspector) Daisy eventually committed suicide because there was nothing left for her, and she knew she wouldnt be able to give her child any future worth living for. Her illegitimate baby would be used and ill-treated just as Daisy had been, so Daisy knew there was no point in giving birth to the poor thing, so I dont think she was responsible for the death of her unborn baby, I think it was the fault of the people who misused her, such as the Birlings, and Gerald. They were all important factors in the eventual death of Eva (Daisy) Smith. It wasnt Daisys fault that she committed suicide, there was just nothing left for her. She had nowhere to live, no money, no  friends, and she had just been turned down by charity, so she gave up.

What Are Accountability Essay Samples?

What Are Accountability Essay Samples?Accountability essay samples can be extremely helpful when you're writing about personal issues, relationships, or anything related to an academic field. Accountability essay samples can help you make your essay's much easier to write and more logical. They're so helpful because they allow you to use common vocabulary and phrases that people often use in their everyday lives.The use of accountability essay samples is a great idea for anyone who is in need of writing good essays. With these samples, you will be able to show how you've developed a methodology and procedure to how you handle any given situation. Some examples that are commonly used in academic settings include 'make sure that I complete all of my assignments'I should be able to continue in this academic program.'These examples are very important because they enable you to clearly show your progress in your academic programs. You'll also be able to write an essay on the success of yo ur academic endeavors. Writing academic papers requires both the learning and the practice to write papers and correct all errors and learn new information that you haven't learned before. These accountability essay samples are perfect for the people who want to be the best academic achievers they can be.The first thing that you have to do when writing your paper is to know what you're going to talk about. You can either stick to what you know about your subject or you can break the paper up into sections. If you're going to talk about something that you don't know a lot about, it's better to split your paper up into parts. For example, if you want to talk about your relationship with your partner, it would be best to write down your experiences about your relationship with your partner in one part. This way, you won't forget everything that you talked about in one place.The next step in order to write your paper is to put everything you have written into an outline. You can either write it out on a piece of paper or you can use a free hand in writing an outline. The benefit of writing everything in a notepad is that you will have your paper neatly organized. You will also have your information organized so that you won't have to worry about making a mistake when you put the paper together.Once you have your paper organized, you should start to review everything in order to come up with the conclusion. This is the only time where you'll really want to make sure that you've accomplished everything that you needed to do before you write the conclusion. This is where you need to put everything in order that you had talked about in your paper in the beginning.When you're writing your accountability essay samples, make sure that you use the best common sense and logic that you can. It's up to you to make sure that you develop yourself as an academic writer.

Android Application Development-Backdroid Essays

Android Application Development-Backdroid Essays Android Application Development-Backdroid Essay Android Application Development-Backdroid Essay Software Requirements Specification for Android Application Development Version 1. 0 Prepared by Arpit Parekh Rakesh Bangera Akshay Hire DON BOSCO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Mumbai University Revision History |Name |Date |Reason for changes |Version | | | | | | | | | | | ) Abstract Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. Android is a software platform and operating system for mobile devices based on the Linux kernel and developed by Google. It is also a part of Open Handset Alliance. It allows developers to write managed code in a Java-like language that utilizes Google-developed Java libraries, but does not support programs developed in native code. The unveiling of the Android platform on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 34 hardware, software and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. When released in 2008, most of the Android platform will be made available under the Apache free-software and open-source license. 2) Aim and Objective Aim of our project is to build an application for the Android Platform Mobiles. Many people who use handheld devices, store much volatile and personalized information on the device. They are forced to synchronise this information to their Desktop or the Mainframe from time to time. This is to ensure that even if the device, being used, in some way is unable to retrieve the information stored, there is a backup handy. Our application BackDroid helps create a backup and also place the backup file at a secure location, on the mail server specified. Our objective is to treat the data important over all the other things. Thus, we consider the worst case scenario and design the application. We intend to build a bug free, working application for the purpose specified. 3) Literature Survey 3. What is Android? Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. The Android SDK provides the tools and APIs necessary to begin developing applications on the Android platform using the Java programming language. 3. 2 Features Application framework enabling reuse and replacement of components Dalvik virtual machine optimized for mobile devices Integrated browser based on the open source WebKit engine Optimized graphics powered by a custom 2D graphics library; 3D graphics based on the OpenGL ES 1. 0 specification (hardware acceleration optional) SQLite for structured data storage Media support for common audio, video, and still image formats (MPEG4, H. 264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, PNG, GIF) GSM Telephony (hardware dependent) Bluetooth, EDGE, 3G, and WiFi (hardware dependent) Camera, GPS, compass, and accelerometer (hardware dependent) Rich development environment including a device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and performance profiling, and a plugin for the Eclipse IDE. 3. 3 Application Framework By providing an open development platform, Android offers developers the ability to build extremely rich and innovative applications. Developers are free to take advantage of the device hardware, access location information, run background services, set alarms, add notifications to the status bar, and much, much more. Developers have full access to the same framework APIs used by the core applications. The application architecture is designed to simplify the reuse of components; any application can publish its capabilities and any other application may then make use of those capabilities (subject to security constraints enforced by the framework). This same mechanism allows components to be replaced by the user. . 4 Android Architecture The following diagram shows the major components of the Android operating system. Each section is described in more detail below. [pic] 3. 5 Libraries Android includes a set of C/C++ libraries used by various components of the Android system. These capabilities are exposed to developers through the Android application framework. Some of the core libraries are listed below: System C library a BSD-derived implementation of the standard C system library (libc), tuned for embedded Linux-based devices Media Libraries based on PacketVideos OpenCORE; the libraries support playback and recording of many popular audio and video formats, as well as static image files, including MPEG4, H. 264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, and PNG Surface Manager manages access to the display subsystem and seamlessly composites 2D and 3D graphic layers from multiple applications LibWebCore a modern web browser engine which powers both the Android browser and an embeddable web view SGL the underlying 2D graphics engine 3D libraries an implementation based on OpenGL ES 1. 0 APIs; the libraries use either hardware 3D acceleration (where available) or the included, ighly optimized 3D software rasterizer FreeType bitmap and vector font rendering SQLite a powerful and lightweight relational database engine available to all applications 4) Existing System The existing system consists of the following UI: [pic] [pic] [pic] This is the Android UI provided by Google. Google also provides with some built in applicati ons to handle the functions like Contacts, Gallery, Browser, Messaging, E-mail client etc. The contacts application provided by Google is not very helpful when it comes to backing up of data. The contacts can be stored with multiple fields using this application. The Gmail contacts also are shown in the contacts. To backup this data our application can be used. Similarly, the application provided to read the messages has a similar difficulty. 5) Problem Statement To develop an application for Android OS which operates on mobile devices. This application should enable the user to make a backup of their personalized data. The data that is taken as backup can be contacts, messages and notes. This backup can be stores in the internal or external memory of the mobile phone. Users should be able to upload this backup file to their mail addresses. Scheduling the backup should also be possible (i. e. daily, weekly, monthly or customised). Application should also provide the facility of remote-backup procedure. The remote procedure should have authentication procedure. Emphasis is given to data above all. Application name: BackDroid. 6) Scope 6. 1 BackDroid 6. 2 Application Features Back-up of messages and contacts. Remote login system. Sending of back-up files through mail. Background running of application. Back-up scheduling can be done. Uploading, Back-up of data is done in the background. It provides the user to work on other applications simultaneously. 7) Proposed System The application is divided into 5 modules, these can be stated as: 1. Backup 2. Restore 3. Upload 4. Remote Login 7. 1 Case Study 7. 1. 1 Case Study 1: Back-up Success and Upload Success: The application is initiated by the user. Then the options menu occurs where user chooses the back-up option. In back-up option the user has to choose the data of which he requires taking back-up of (messages, contacts or notes). After selecting the appropriate option, the back-up process is initiated in the background. At this time the user is free to do whatever he wants to on the device. After the back-up operation is complete the user is notified that the back-up is taken and saved at a specified location on the device by the user. As soon as the back-up operation is completed, the upload process begins. In this process, the back-up file is uploaded over the e-mail address specified by the user. This helps the user to keep a back-up copy safely without using any other application on a reliable databank. 7. 1. 2 Case Study 2: Back-up Success and Upload Failure: The application is initiated by the user. Then the options menu occurs where user chooses the back-up option. In back-up option the user has to choose the data of which he requires to take back-up of (messages, contacts or notes). After selecting the appropriate option, the back-up process is initiated in the background. At this time the user is free to do whatever he wants to on the device. After the back-up operation is complete the user is notified that the back-up is taken and saved at a specified location on the device by the user. Now the application automatically uploads it to the e-mail address specified by the user. But, if the back-up copy cannot be uploaded to the e-mail address for some reason like out of GPRS range or no GPRS settings on the given device then the user will get a pop-up that ‘Upload Process Failed’. In this case, the back-up has to be uploaded manually by the user from the saved location on the device after completing the requirements due to which the upload process was terminated before. Else one copy is stored on the external memory. 7. 2 Detailed Features of BackDroid 7. 2. 1Working in Background One of the features of BackDroid allows user to run the application process in background. This feature of BackDroid helps the user to use different features of the device simultaneously with the application running in background. This feature of BackDroid is possible with the support of Intents in the Android Operating System. This is possible because of the feature of ‘multithreading’. The user is free to work on any process while the backup, upload or restore is in process. 7. 2. 2 Upload Procedure The upload feature allows user to upload the back-up to the specified e-mail address given by the user. This feature is useful as it allows the user to keep a back-up copy over the internet securely. This feature requires a GPRS connection to upload the back-up. This application also uses intents as the upload operation is initiated automatically after the back-up operation. This operation is also run in the background. 7. 2. 3 Remote login, Scheduling and Backup-Upload Intent is a simple message-passing framework. Using Intents, user can broadcast messages system-wide or to a target Activity or Service, stating your intention to have an action performed. The system will then determine the target(s) that will perform any actions as specified in its programming. Intents are applied to enable scheduling, remote login, and calling of other modules on some occurrences is made possible. 8) Methodology 8. 1 Developing Android applications Using Ellipse: The Android Development Tools (ADT) plug-in for Eclipse adds powerful extensions to the Eclipse integrated development environment. It allows you to create and debug Android applications easier and faster. If you use Eclipse, the ADT plug-in gives you an incredible boost in developing Android applications: It gives you access to other Android development tools from inside the Eclipse IDE. For example, ADT lets you access the many capabilities of the DDMS tool: take screenshots, manage port-forwarding, set breakpoints, and view thread and process information directly from Eclipse. It provides a New Project Wizard, which helps you quickly create and set up all of the basic files youll need for a new Android application. It automates and simplifies the process of building your Android application. It provides an Android code editor that helps you write valid XML for your Android manifest and resource files. It will even export your project into a signed APK, which can be distributed to users. 8. 2 Testing Overview Android includes powerful tools for setting up and running test applications. Whether you are working in Eclipse with ADT or working from the command line, these tools help you set up and run your tests within an emulator or the device you are targeting. The documents listed below explain how to work with the tools in your development environment. If you arent yet familiar with the Android testing framework, please read the topic Testing and Instrumentation before you get started. For a step-by-step introduction to Android testing, try the Hello, Testing tutorial, which introduces basic testing concepts and procedures. For a more advanced tutorial, try Activity Testing, which guides you through a more complex testing scenario. Testing in Eclipse, with ADT The ADT plugin lets you quickly set up and manage test projects directly in the Eclipse UI. Once you have written your tests, you can build and run them and then see the results in the Eclipse JUnit view. You can also use the SDK command-line tools to execute your tests if needed. The following diagram summarizes the Android testing environment: [pic] To run a test in Eclipse, you have two choices: 1. Run a test just as you run an application, by selecting Run As gt; Android JUnit Test from the projects context menu or from the main menus Run item. 2. Create an Eclipse run configuration for your test project. This is useful if you want multiple test suites, each consisting of selected tests from the project. To run a test suite, you run the test configuration. 8. 2. 1 Creating the Test Project In the Hello World tutorial you created Android applic ation project called HelloAndroid. A test of an Android application is also an Android application, and you create it within an Eclipse project. The Eclipse with ADT New Android Test Project dialog creates a new test project and the framework of a new test application at the same time. To create the test project and test application framework in Eclipse with ADT, follow these steps 1. In Eclipse, select New ; Project ; Android ; Android Test Project. [pic] The New Android Test Project dialog appears. 2. Set the following values: o Test Project Name: HelloAndroidTest o Test Target: Set An existing Android project, click Browse, and then select HelloAndroid from the list of projects. o Build Target: Set a target whose platform is Android 1. or above. o Application name: HelloAndroidTest o Package name: com. example. helloandroid. test The dialog should now look like this: [pic] 3. Click Finish. The new project appears in the Package Explorer. 8. 2. 2 Adding the test case class file To add the Java file for the test case class, follow these steps In Eclipse, open the HelloAndroidTest project if it is not already open. 1. Within HelloAndroidTest, expand the src/ folder and then find the package icon for com. example. helloandroid. test. Right-click on the package icon and select New ; Class: [pic] The New Java Class dialog appears. 2. In the dialog, enter the following: o Name: HelloAndroidTest. This becomes the name of your test class. o Superclass: android. test. ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2. The superclass is parameterized by an Activity class name. The dialog should now look like this: [pic] 3. Do not change any of the other settings. Click Finish. 4. You now have a new file HelloAndroidTest. java in the project. This file contains the class HelloAndroidTest, which extends the Activity test case class ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2. You parameterize the class with HelloAndroid, which is the class name of the activity under test. . Open HelloAndroidTest. java. It should look like this: package com. example. helloandroid. test; import android. test. ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2; public class HelloAndroidTest extends ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2 { } 6. The test case class depends on the HelloAndroid class, which is not yet imported. To import the class, add the following line just before the current import statement: import com. example. helloandroid. HelloAndroid; 8. 2. 3 Running the Tests and Seeing the Results You can now run the tests youve created against the Hello, Android application. In Eclipse with ADT, you run a test application as an Android JUnit test rather than a regular Android application. To run the test application as an Android JUnit test, in the Package Explorer right-click the HelloAndroidTest project and select Run As Android JUnit Test [pic] The ADT plugin then launches the test application and the application under test on a the target emulator or device. When both applications are running, the testing framework runs the tests and reports the results in the JUnit view of Eclipse, which appears by default as a tab next to the Package Explorer. As shown below, the JUnit view shows test results in two separate panes: an upper pane summarizes the tests that were run and a lower pane reports the failure traces for the tests. In this case, the tests in this example have run successfully, so there is no failure reported in the view: [pic] The upper pane summarizes the test: Finished after x seconds: How long the test took to run. Runs: The number of tests run. Errors:: The number of program errors and exceptions encountered during the test run. Failures:: The number of assertion failures encountered during the test run. A progress bar. The progress bar extends from left to right as the tests run. If all the tests succeed, the bar remains green. If a test fails, the bar turns from green to red. A test method summary. Below the bar, you see a line for each class in the test application, labelled by its fully-qualified class name. To look at the results for the individual methods in a test case class, click the arrow at the le ft of the class to expand the line. You see the name of each test method. To the right of the method name, you see the time needed to run that method. You can look at the methods code by double-clicking its name. The lower pane contains the failure trace. If all the tests are successful, this pane is empty. If some tests fail, then if you select a failed test in the upper pane, the lower view contains a stack trace for the test. 9) Analysis According to the mobile users, data kept on their mobile device is volatile. Also if the device memory is damaged, the personalized data is damaged too. Even when the device does not fail, there is a need of portability or the data from one device to other. If the user wants to switch between two or more devices, user has a need to synchronise the data in each devices. Also the user hardly can check on the last date when the data has been taken as Backup. Thus, there is a need to provide with the scheduling or auto backup facility. When the backup process is carried out, the user can hardly manage to use other functions of the device. In our application, we provide possibility to backup the data in the background. This is possible using the â€Å"intents† feature provided by the Android OS. Intents usually communicate between the modules of the same modules or between two different applications. Moreover, Android is a virtual implementation on the Linux kernel, making it a multithreaded process handling OS. This also enables the user to increase the number of tasks carried out at once. The connectivity and protocols support provided by Android OS is wide, which we have utilised to implement in the Remote login part of the program. Any authorised person can call the application process, running in the background of the device, remotely. This will enable the remote person to access the application and create the backup whenever he is assigned to do so. The remote procedure can be only called by the person who has the application installed and has the authorised access keys. Thus the security of the data is taken care of. Procedure is same via Bluetooth connection. 10) Hardware and Software Details 10. 1 Hardware requirement: Android compatible device Min. 250MHz processor Min. 64Mb RAM and 32Mb ROM 10. 2 Software Requirement: Android Development Toolkit (ADT). Ellipse – Java based Editing software. Windows / Linux / MacOS platform. Emulator or a Android Development Device. 10. 3 For Application: 11) Design Details 1. Use Case Diagram [pic] 2. Activity Diagrams 11. 2. 1 Backup: In this module the function carried out is creating of the backup package/file. This module has the following steps: [pic] 2. Restore: This module carries out, restoring of the data from an earlier backup file. The module has follo wing activities: [pic] 3. Upload: This module handles the uploading of the backup data from the user’s handheld device to the mail server specified by the user. The module has following set of activities: [pic] 2. Sequence Diagram 11. 3. 1 Restore [pic] 2. Backup [pic] 3. Upload Sequence [pic] 12) Implementation for the Next Semester In the next semester, we will be implementing the application BackDroid as planned by us in this document. And after implementing the suggested application, if time prevails we would also like to implement an application on ‘Compression of Data’. This application can be used as a feature of BackDroid and also be used independently for other types of files present in the device. Compression can be useful for reducing the bandwidth usage while uploading data on servers. As the GPRS rates are high and also low space gives the user easier portability. Appendix: I References: Books: Professional Guide to Android 2 Application Development- Reto Meir . Web Resource: http://developer. android. com http://droiddraw. com wrox. com http://anddev. com stackoverflow. com/questions/tagged/android/ Appendix: II Project Output: The output after finishing this project is a fully functional BackDroid application. This application would be licensed by Google Android Market. Backdroid will be available for the user to be run on an Android OS.